References & Sources
Our content is grounded in research from reputable organizations, government agencies, and peer-reviewed sources.
Our Approach to Evidence
We believe that helpful information must also be accurate information. All content on this site is based on research and guidance from recognized authorities in domestic violence, trauma, mental health, and family wellbeing.
We summarize findings in plain language and avoid copying academic text verbatim. When content is based on emerging research or areas of ongoing study, we note this and encourage readers to explore further.
Note: This is an educational resource, not medical, legal, or therapeutic advice. Please consult appropriate professionals for personal situations.
Domestic Violence & Abuse
National Domestic Violence Hotline
National nonprofit organization
Provides 24/7 support and resources for those affected by domestic violence. Their educational materials inform our definitions of abuse types, warning signs, and safety planning guidance.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
U.S. government public health agency
The CDC's National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) provides key statistics on intimate partner violence prevalence, including data on male victims. Their research informs our understanding of abuse patterns and impacts.
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV)
National advocacy organization
Provides statistics, education, and policy information about domestic violence. Their fact sheets inform our content on abuse prevalence and impacts.
Office on Violence Against Women (OVW)
U.S. Department of Justice
Federal office providing leadership on violence against women. Their resources on stalking, technology abuse, and legal protections inform our digital safety content.
National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV)
National advocacy organization
Their Safety Net project is a leading resource on technology-facilitated abuse. Our digital safety content draws heavily from their guidance on device monitoring, location tracking, and online safety.
Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs (DAIP)
Nonprofit program developer
Creators of the Duluth Model and the Power and Control Wheel, which provides a framework for understanding abuse patterns and tactics. This informs our patterns library and educational content.
Men as Victims of Abuse
ManKind Initiative
UK charity for male victims
Leading organization supporting male victims of domestic abuse. Their research and resources inform our understanding of unique barriers men face in recognizing and reporting abuse.
National Domestic Violence Hotline - Help for Men
National helpline resource
Specific guidance and resources for men experiencing abuse, acknowledging the unique challenges they face in seeking help.
CDC NISVS Data on Male Victims
U.S. government research
The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey provides statistics on male victimization, including that approximately 1 in 9 men experience intimate partner violence during their lifetime.
Trauma & Stress Responses
National Center for PTSD
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Provides research-based information on trauma, PTSD, and stress responses. Their educational materials inform our content on fight, flight, freeze, and fawn responses.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
U.S. government agency
Their trauma-informed care principles guide our approach to presenting sensitive content and supporting visitors who may be experiencing trauma.
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS)
Professional organization
Professional organization advancing trauma research and treatment. Their public resources inform our educational content on trauma effects.
Relationship Research
The Gottman Institute
Research-based relationship education
Decades of research on relationships and marriage, including the "Four Horsemen" of relationship problems and repair strategies. Their research informs our de-escalation and communication guidance.
The National Healthy Marriage Resource Center
HHS-funded resource center
Provides research-based resources on healthy relationship skills. Helps inform the distinction between normal relationship conflict and abusive patterns.
Children & Family Impact
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN)
SAMHSA-funded network
Provides research and resources on childhood trauma, including the effects of witnessing domestic violence. Their materials inform our content on how conflict affects children.
Childhelp
National child abuse prevention organization
Provides resources on child abuse prevention and treatment. Their National Child Abuse Hotline (1-800-422-4453) is a key resource we recommend for children and families.
Child Welfare Information Gateway
HHS Children's Bureau service
Provides information on child welfare, including resources on domestic violence's impact on children and family resilience.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Research
CDC research program
The landmark ACE Study demonstrates how childhood exposure to violence and dysfunction affects long-term health outcomes. This research informs our understanding of why protecting children from adult conflict matters.
Hormones & Health (Educational)
Note: Our content on hormones is educational only and not medical advice. We provide general information to help people understand how hormonal changes can affect mood and behavior, while directing readers to healthcare providers for personal evaluation.
Mayo Clinic
Nonprofit academic medical center
Provides accessible, evidence-based health information. Their resources on hormone changes inform our educational content on menopause, perimenopause, and testosterone changes in men.
Cleveland Clinic
Nonprofit academic medical center
Their Health Library provides educational information on hormonal conditions, stress hormones, and the physical effects of chronic stress.
American Urological Association
Professional medical association
Provides patient education on testosterone deficiency and male hormonal health, informing our educational content on andropause.
The North American Menopause Society (NAMS)
Professional medical organization
Leading nonprofit organization for menopause research and education. Their resources inform our educational content on how hormonal changes can affect women.
Cultural & Community Resources
StrongHearts Native Helpline
Tribal coalition resource
Provides culturally-appropriate support for Native Americans and Alaska Natives affected by domestic violence.
National Latino Network
Culturally-specific training and resources
Provides training and resources addressing domestic violence in Latino/a communities with cultural competence.
Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence
National resource center
Provides resources and training on gender-based violence in Asian and Pacific Islander communities.
Key Research Studies
In addition to organizational sources, our content is informed by published research. Key studies include:
Black, M.C., et al. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Foundation for IPV prevalence statistics
Felitti, V.J., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258.
Foundational ACEs research
Gottman, J.M., & Silver, N. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. New York: Crown Publishers.
Relationship research on conflict and repair
Stark, E. (2007). Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Framework for understanding coercive control
Walker, L.E. (1979). The Battered Woman. New York: Harper & Row.
Foundational work on cycle of violence
Suggest a Source
Know of a reputable source we should include? Have feedback on our content accuracy? We welcome input from researchers, advocates, and professionals in the field.
Contact us at: research@manopause.info
(Note: This email may not be active during our early development phase.)